Footnotes

i: Criteria for STI therapy in VDS: Unpublished surveillance data for VDS at Alexander Health Centre, Gauteng (2007-2012) shared by NICD: Centre for STI and  HIV .

ii: Metronidazole: Swedberg J, Steiner JF, Deiss F, Steiner S, Driggers DA .  Comparison of single-dose vs .  one-week course of metronidazole for symptomatic bacterial vaginosis .  JAMA .  1985 Aug 23-

30;254(8):1046-9 .

Metronidazole: Kissinger P, Secor WE, Leichliter JS, Clark RA, Schmidt N, Curtin E, Martin DH .  Early repeated infections with Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women .  Clin Infect Dis .  2008 Apr 1;46(7):994-9 .

Metronidazole: Kissinger P, Mena L, Levison J, Clark RA, Gatski M, Henderson  H, Schmidt N, Rosenthal SL, Myers  L, Martin DH .  A randomized treatment trial: single versus 7-day dose of metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis among HIV-infected women .  J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr .  2010 Dec 15;55(5):565-71 .

iii: Ceftriaxone: Newman  LM, Moran JS, Workowski KA .  Update on the management of gonorrhea in adults in the United States .  Clin Infect Dis .  2007 Apr 1;44Suppl 3:S84-101 .Review .

Ceftriaxone: Ito M, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, Ito S, Takahashi Y, Ishihara S, Maeda S, Deguchi T .  Remarkable increase in central Japan in 2001-2002 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with decreased susceptibility to penicillin, tetracycline, oral cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones .  Antimicrob Agents Chemother .  2004 Aug;48(8):3185-7

Ceftriaxone: Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Tunoe H, Egashira T, Kanayama A, Saika T, Kobayashi  I, Naito S . A remarkable reduction in the susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to cephems and the selection of antibiotic regimens for the single-dose treatment of gonococcal infection in Japan .  J Infect Chemother .  2002 Mar; 8(1):81-6 .

Ceftriaxone: Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, Ishida K, Ito M, Ishihara S, Minamidate K, Harada  Y, Tei K, Kojima K, Tamaki M, Maeda S .  Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis by double-dosing of 200 mg cefixime at a 6-h interval .  J Infect Chemother .  2003 Mar;9(1):35-9 .

Ceftriaxone: Lewis DA .  Gonorrhoea resistance among men-who-have-sex-with-men: what’s oral sex got to do with it? S Afr J Epid Infect .  2013;28: 77 .

Ceftriaxone: Lewis DA, Sriruttan C, Müller EE, Golparian D, Gumede L, Fick D, de Wet J,Maseko V, Coetzee J, Unemo M .  Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the first two cases of extended- spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in South Africa and association with cefixime treatment failure .  J Antimicrob Chemother .  2013 Jun;68(6):1267-70 .

Ceftriaxone: Lewis DA .  The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination ofantimicrobial-resistant N gonorrhoeae .  Sex Transm Infect .  2013 Dec;89Suppl4:iv47-51 .  Review .

Ceftriaxone: Health Protection Agency .  Gonoccocal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) Action Plan for England and Wales: Informing the Public Health Response . (Ed .^(Eds) (HPA, London, 2013)

Ceftriaxone: Bignell C, Fitzgerald M; Guideline Development Group; British Association for Sexual Health and HIV UK .  UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011 .  Int J STD AIDS .  2011 Oct;22(10):541-7 .

Ceftriaxone: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .  Cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae public health response plan .  (Ed .^(Eds) (CDC, Atlanta, 2012)

Ceftriaxone: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .  Update to CDC’s Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections .  MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep .  2012;6: 590-594 .

iv: Azithromycin: Lau CY, Qureshi AK .  Azithromycin versus doxycycline for genital chlamydial infections: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials .  Sex Transm Dis .  2002 Sep;29(9):497-502 .

Azithromycin: Bignell C, Garley J .  Azithromycin in the treatment of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae .  Sex Transm Infect .  2010 Nov;86(6):422-6

Azithromycin: Stamm WE, Hicks CB, Martin DH, Leone P, Hook EW 3rd, Cooper RH, Cohen  MS, Batteiger BE, Workowski K, McCormack WM .  Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the non gonococcal urethritis syndrome in men .  A randomized double-blind study .JAMA .  1995 Aug

16;274(7):545-9 .

Azithromycin: Lister PJ, Balechandran T, Ridgway GL, Robinson AJ .  Comparison of azithromycin and doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in men .  J Antimicrob Chemother .  1993

Jun;31Suppl E:185-92 .

Azithromycin: Schwebke JR, Rompalo A, Taylor S, Seña AC, Martin DH, Lopez LM, Lensing S, Lee JY . Re-evaluating the treatment of non gonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens--a randomized clinical trial .  Clin Infect Dis .  2011 Jan 15;52(2):163-70 .

Azithromycin: Manhart LE, Gillespie  CW, Lowens  MS, Khosropour CM,Colombara DV, Golden MR, Hakhu  NR, Thomas  KK, Hughes JP, Jensen NL, Totten PA .  Standard treatment regimens for non gonococcal urethritis have similar but declining cure rates: a randomized controlled trial .  Clin Infect Dis .  2013 Apr;56(7):934-42 .

Azithromycin: Handsfield  HH, Dalu ZA, Martin DH, Douglas  JM Jr, McCarty JM, Schlossberg D . Multicenter trial of single-dose azithromycin vs .  ceftriaxone in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea .  Azithromycin Gonorrhea Study Group .  Sex Transm Dis .  1994 Mar-Apr;21(2):107-11 .

Azithromycin: Riedner G, Rusizoka M, Todd J, Maboko L, Hoelscher  M, Mmbando D, Samky E, Lyamuya E, Mabey D, Grosskurth H, Hayes R .  Single-dose azithromycin versus penicillin  G benzathine for the treatment of early syphilis .  N Engl J Med .  2005 Sep 22;353(12):1236-44 .

Azithromycin: Hook EW 3rd, Martin DH, Stephens J, Smith BS, Smith K .  A randomized, comparative pilot study of azithromycin versus benzathine penicillin G for treatment of early syphilis .  Sex Transm Dis .  2002 Aug;29(8):486-90

Azithromycin: McLean  CA, Wang  SA, Hoff GL, Dennis LY, Trees DL, Knapp JS, Markowitz LE, Levine WC .  The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to Azithromycin in Kansas City, Missouri, 1999 to 2000 .  Sex Transm Dis .  2004 Feb;31(2):73-8

Azithromycin: Galarza PG, Abad  R, Canigia LF, Buscemi L, Pagano I, Oviedo  C, Vázquez  JA .  New mutation in 23S rRNA gene associated with high level of azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae .  Antimicrob Agents Chemother .  2010 Apr;54(4):1652-3 .  doi: 10 .1128/AAC .01506-09 .

Azithromycin: Bignell C, Fitzgerald M; Guideline Development Group; British Association for Sexual Health and HIV UK .  UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011 .  Int J STD AIDS .  2011 Oct;22(10):541-7 .

Azithromycin: Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) .  Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010 .  MMWR Recomm Rep .  2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1-110 . Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep .  2011 Jan 14;60(1):18 .  Dosage error in article text .

Azithromycin: Chisholm SA, Mouton JW, Lewis DA, Nichols T, Ison CA, Livermore DM .  Cephalosporin

MIC creep among gonococci: time for a pharmacodynamic rethink? J Antimicrob Chemother .  2010

Oct;65(10):2141-8 .

Azithromycin: Fayemiwo SA, Muller EE, Gumede  L, Lewis DA .  Plasmid-mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in South Africa: prevalence, detection and typing using a novel molecular assay .  Sex Transm Dis .2011; 38: 329-333

Azithromycin: de Jongh M, Dangor Y, Adam A, Hoosen AA .  Gonococcal resistance: evolving from penicillin, tetracycline to the quinolones in South Africa - implications for treatment guidelines .  Int J STD AIDS .  2007;18:697-699 .

Azithromycin: Manhart LE, Broad JM, Golden MR .  Mycoplasma genitalium: should we treat and how? Clin Infect Dis, 53 Suppl 3, S129-142 (2011) .

Azithromycin: Mena LA, Mroczkowski TF, Nsuami M, Martin DH .  A randomized comparison of azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium-positive urethritis in men .  Clin Infect Dis .  2009;48:1649-1654 .

Azithromycin: Amsden  GW, Gray CL .  Serum and WBC pharmacokinetics of 1500 mg of azithromycin when given either as a single dose or over a 3 day period in healthy volunteers .  J Antimicrob Chemother .  2001 Jan;47(1):61-6 .

Azithromycin: Sampson MR, Dumitrescu TP, Brouwer KL, Schmith VD .  Population pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and polymorphonuclear cells in healthy adults .  CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol .  2014 Mar 5;3:e103 .

Azithromycin: Lewis DA, Maartens GM: Medicine  review: The use of azithromycin in the syndromic management algorithms for the management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in South Africa, 16 March 2014 .

Azithromycin: SAMF, 2012 edition .

v: Azithromycin: Pitsouni E, Iavazzo C, Athanasiou S, Falagas ME .  Single-dose azithromycin versus erythromycin or amoxicillin for Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials .  Int J Antimicrob Agents .  2007 Sep;30(3):213-21 .

vi: Lidocaine 1%: Contract circular HP02-2013AI (1August2013to31July2015): MCC registered package inserts of Kocef® 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g; Rociject® 500 mg, 1 g; Oframax® 250 mg, 1 g

vii: Azithromycin (LAP): Savaris RF, Teixeira LM, Torres TG, Edelweiss MI, Moncada J, Schachter J .  Comparing ceftriaxone plus azithromycin or doxycycline for pelvic inflammatory disease: a randomized controlled trial .  Obstet Gynecol .  2007 Jul;110(1):53-60 .

Azithromycin (LAP/ SSW/ BUBO): Amsden  GW, Gray CL .  Serum and WBC pharmacokinetics of 1500 mg of azithromycin when given either as a single dose or over a 3 day period in healthy volunteers . J Antimicrob Chemother .  2001 Jan;47(1):61-6 .

Azithromycin (LAP/ SSW/ BUBO): Sampson MR, Dumitrescu TP, Brouwer KL, Schmith VD .  Population pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and polymorphonuclear cells in healthy adults .  CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol .  2014 Mar

5;3:e103 .

viii: Metronidazole (LAP): Bignell  C, Fitzgerald M; Guideline Development Group; British Association for Sexual Health and HIV UK .  UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults,

2011 .Int J STD AIDS .  2011 Oct;22(10):541-7 .

Metronidazole (LAP): Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010 .MMWR Recomm Rep .  2010 Dec 17;59(RR-

12):1-110 .  Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep .  2011 Jan 14;60(1):18 .  Dosage error in article text .

ix: Ceftriaxone 1 g + Azithromycin 2 g (MUS): WHO .  Global action plan to control the spread and impact of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae .  2012 .

x: Gentamicin: Brown  LB, Krysiak R, Kamanga  G, Mapanje C, Kanyamula H, Banda B, Mhango C, Hoffman M, Kamwendo D, Hobbs M, Hosseinipour MC, Martinson F, Cohen MS, Hoffman IF . Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility in Lilongwe, Malawi, 2007 .Sex Transm Dis .  2010

Mar;37(3):169-72 .

xi: Azithromycin (GUS): National STI Surveillance Programme, Centre for HIV & STIs, NICD/NHLS,

2006-2011

Azithromycin (GUS): Lewis D, Newton DC, Guy RJ, Ali H, Chen MY, Fairley CK, Hocking JS . Theprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Australia: a systematic review and meta- analysis .  BMC Infect Dis .  2012 May 14;12:113 .

Azithromycin (GUS): World Health Organization .  Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections .  WHO, Geneva .  2003 .

xii: Pregnancy/ breast feeding (GUS): Adult Hospital level STG, 2012 .

xiii: Lidocaine 1% (GUS/ Syphilis): Kingston M, French P, Goh  B, Goold P, Higgins S, Sukthankar A, Stott C, Turner A, Tyler C, Young H; Syphilis Guidelines Revision Group 2008, Clinical Effectiveness Group .  UK National Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis 2008 .  Int J STD AIDS .  2008

Nov;19(11):729-40 .  Erratum in: Int J STD AIDS .  2011 Oct;22(10):613-4 .

Lidocaine 1% (GUS/ Syphilis): Amir J, Ginat S, Cohen YH, Marcus TE, Keller N, Varsano I .  Lidocaine as a diluent for administration of benzathine penicillin G .  Pediatr Infect Dis J .  1998 Oct;17(10):890-3 .

xiv: Azithromycin (Bubo): Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC) .  Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010 .MMWR Recomm Rep .  2010 Dec

17;59(RR-12):1-110 .  Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep .  2011 Jan 14;60(1):18 .  Dosage error in article text .